Understanding the need for paediatric DR-TB formulations in South Africa

Main Article Content

S Harichander
V Bangalee
F Oosthuizen

Abstract





In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the management of drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB), including the use of new and repurposed drugs. Research has primarily focused on adults as only a small number of children are diagnosed and treated for DR-TB annually, often making them the last group to benefit from these developments. This perspective aims to describe the availability of child-friendly formulations for treating DR-TB in South Africa. Developing and providing child-friendly formulations is essential to addressing the unique challenges of managing DR-TB in children, ensuring appropriate dosing, tolerability and adherence to treatment regimens. This is a crucial step to improving treatment outcomes and reducing the global burden of DR-TB.


Keywords. paediatrics; drug resistance; tuberculosis; dosage forms; treatment.





Article Details

How to Cite
Understanding the need for paediatric DR-TB formulations in South Africa. (2024). South African Journal of Child Health, e2137. https://doi.org/10.7196/
Section
Research

How to Cite

Understanding the need for paediatric DR-TB formulations in South Africa. (2024). South African Journal of Child Health, e2137. https://doi.org/10.7196/

References

1. Medecins Sans Frontieres, Tuberculosis, https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/ viewport/TUB/latest/introduction-20320166.html (accessed 19 January 2021).

2. World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report, 2022.

3. Rasanathan K, Sivasankara Kurup A, Jaramillo E, Lönnroth K. The social determinants of health: Key to global tuberculosis control. Int J Tubercul Lung

Dis 2011;15 (6):S30-S36. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.10.0691

4. World Health Organization. Health topics. Tuberculosis. 2023. https://www.

who.int/health-topics/tuberculosis#tab=tab_1 (accessed 21 September 2023). 5. D’Ambrosio L, Centis R, Tiberi S, et al. Delamanid and bedaquiline to treat multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: A systematic review. J Thoracic Dis 2017;9(7):2093-2101. https://doi.org/10.21037/

jtd.2017.06.16

6. Tadolini M, Garcia-Prats AJ, D’Ambrosio L, et al. Compassionate use of new drugs in children and adolescents with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: Early experiences and challenges. Eur Respir J 2016;48(3):938-943. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00705-2016

7. Buonsenso D, Autore G, Cusenza F, Passadore L, Bonanno F, Esposito S. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children: Are the same therapy options available worldwide? Int J Infect Dis 2023;130:S16-S19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijid.2023.03.023

8. Huynh J, Thwaites G, Marais BJ, Schaaf HS. Tuberculosis treatment in children: The changing landscape. Paediatric Respir Rev 2020;36:33-43. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.prrv.2020.02.002

9. Harichander S, Wiafe E, Mensah KB, Bangalee V, Oosthuizen F. The incidence of TB and MDR-TB in pediatrics and therapeutic options: A systematic review. Systematic Rev 2022;11(1):157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-02023-1

10. Ketema W, Woubishet K, Tesfaye S, et al. A breakthrough in the challenges of tuberculosis diagnosis: Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) assay for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in a subset of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialised Hospital, Hawassa, Ethiopia. Int Med Case Rep J 2022;15:393-397. https://doi. org/10.2147/imcrj.s373197

11. van Riet-Nales DA, de Jager KE, Schobben AF, Egberts TC, Rademaker CM. The availability and age-appropriateness of medicines authorised for children in The Netherlands. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011;72(3):465-473. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03982.x

12. Richey RH, Shah UU, Peak M, et al. Manipulation of drugs to achieve the required dose is intrinsic to paediatric practice but is not supported by guidelines or evidence. BMC Pediatrics 2013;13:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431- 13-81

13. Walch AC, Henin E, Berthiller J, et al; EREMI Group. Oral dosage form administration practice in children under 6 years of age: A survey study of paediatric nurses. Int J Pharmaceutic 2016;511(2):855-863. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.076

14. South African Medicines Formulary. 13th edition, 2020:325-340.

15. Stop TB Partnership Global Drug Facility. Medicines catalogue, 2024.

16. Wademan DT, Viljoen L, Jacobs S, et al. Children ́s priorities to improve the

acceptability of MDR-TB treatment: Qualitative data from South Africa. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis 2023;27(7):543-550. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.22.057317. Martir J, Flanagan T, Mann J, Fotaki N. Impact of food and drink administration vehicles on paediatric formulation performance: Part 1-effects on solubility of poorly soluble drugs. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020;21(5):1-12. https://doi. org/10.1208/s12249-020-01722-z

18. McNeely EB, Talameh JA, Adams KF Jr, et al. Relative bioavailability of tolvaptan administered via nasogastric tube and tolvaptan tablets swallowed intact. Am J Health System Pharm 2013;70(14):1230-1237. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp120543

19. Ajayi TO, Poka MS, Witika BA. Nanotechnological innovations in paediatric tuberculosis management: Current trends and future prospects. Front Drug Delivery 2023;3:1295815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fddev.2023.1295815

20. Das M, Mathur T, Ravi S, et al. Challenging drug-resistant TB treatment journey for children, adolescents and their care-givers: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2021;16(3):e0248408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248408

21. MisraS,MisraN,SeepamoreB,etal.“Iwouldwatchherwithaweassheswallowed the first handful”: A qualitative study of pediatric multidrug-resistant tuberculosis experiences in Durban, South Africa. PLoS One 2022;17(9):e0274741. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274741

22. StopTB/GDF’s Paediatric Drug-Resistant TB (DR-TB) Donation Initiative. 2021. http://sentinel-project.org/2019/02/18/stoptbgdfs-paediatric-drug- resistant-tb-dr-tb-donation-initiative/ (accessed 22 April 2023).

23. Howell P, Achar J, Huang GKL, Mariandyshev A, Schaaf HS, Garcia-Prats AJ. Treatment of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis disease and infection in children: Key updates, challenges and opportunities. Pathogens 2022;11(4):381. https:// doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040381

24. Misra N. “We are the Children....Hear our Voices”: Improving access to child- friendly formulations of drug resistance tuberculosis medicine: The KwaZulu- Natal experience. S Afr Pharm J 2023;90(6):56-58. https://hdl.handle. net/10520/ejc-mp_sapj_v90_n6_a10

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.