Estimation of postpartum morbidities and risk factors of women presenting for their first postpartum visit at a midwife obstetric unit in eThekwini, South Africa
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Background. Despite reduction of the global maternal mortality ratio by 38% between 2000 and 2017, morbidities during the postpartum period remain the leading cause of maternal death in developing countries. In Africa, most maternal deaths occur during the postpartum period, and deaths during this period are common in South Africa (SA).
Objectives. To estimate the incidence of postpartum morbidities and associated risk factors among women attending a community health centre in SA.
Methods. A facility-based cross-sectional study was undertaken. Both continuous and categorical variables were described using descriptive statistics. Factors associated with postpartum conditions were determined by logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
Results. A total of 399 postpartum women participated, with a mean age of 26.1 years. The teenage pregnancy rate was 19.3%, the majority fell into the age group 20 - 34 years (66.5%) and were single (70.1%), and 68.4% had no income. Only 30.2% of mothers had planned the index pregnancy. All of them knew their HIV status, and 41.7% were HIV infected. The postpartum morbidity rate was 35.9%. Logistic regression analysis showed that women who had normal vaginal deliveries (NVDs) and were in full-time employment had lower ORs for any postpartum morbidity (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.26 - 0.86; p=0.014 and OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.21 - 0.88; p=0.022, respectively). Participants with no education had an OR of 3.1 (95% CI 1.21 - 8.15; p=0.019).
Conclusion. The high postpartum morbidity rate is comparable to previously reported findings at midwife obstetric units in SA. Women who had no education were at increased risk of postpartum conditions, while full-time employment and NVD had protective effects. Skilled obstetric care and maintenance of strict asepsis during delivery are necessary to prevent common postpartum morbidities. Postnatal care should be improved to address the main risks to mothers, and socioeconomic challenges need to be addressed.
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