Approach to the diagnosis and management of snakebite envenomation in South Africa in humans
Layperson aspects and the role of emergency medical services
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2023.v113i5.666Keywords:
snake bite, Treatment GuidelinesAbstract
Snakebites occur in the community, not in the Emergency Unit. As such it is important to understand the first-aid concepts and pre-hospital emergency care aspects of this neglected disease. This article will highlight the concepts for emergency care within the context of the current pre-hospital arena and in light of the recent South African Snakebite Symposium consensus meeting held in July 2022, where wilderness rescue, emergency medical services and other medical participants agreed through evidence review and consensus debate on the current best approaches to care of the snakebite victim outside the hospital environment.
References
World Health Organization Africa Office, Sambo LG. Foreword. In: Guidelines for the prevention and clinical management of snakebite in Africa. Brazzaville: WHO, 2010.
Curry SC, Horning D, Brady P, Requa R, Kunkel DB, Vance MV. The legitimacy of rattlesnake bites in central Arizona. Ann Emerg Med 1989;18(6):658-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(89)80523-2
South Africa Snakebite Symposium. Layperson Flipper. Nelspruit: SASS, 2022.
Health Professions Council of South South Africa Professional Board for Emergency Care. Clinical Practice Guidelines. Pretoria: HPCSA, 2018. https://www.hpcsa.co.za/Uploads/EMB/CLINICAL%20 PRACTICE%20GUIDELINES%20%20-%20PROTOCOLS-%20JULY%202018.pdf (accessed 1 November2022).
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Executive summary: Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International
Guidelines for the Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. Crit Care Med 2021;49(11):1974-
https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000005357
Müller GJ, Modler H, Wium CA, Veale DJH, Marks CJ. Snake bite in southern Africa: Diagnosis and
management. CME 2012;30(10):362-382.
Pelle RP, Engelbrecht A, Lalloo V. Case report: Safe tourniquet removal in black mamba (Dendroaspis
polylepis) bites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021;106(1):338-341. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0374 8. South Africa Snakebite Symposium. Emergency care provider flipchart. Nelspruit: SASS, 2022.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Maqshuda Kajee, Kaleb, Nicolas Van der Walt, Dries, Vidya, Christoff, Mande Toubkin, Feroza Motara

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Licensing Information
The SAMJ is published under an Attribution-Non Commercial International Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC 4.0) License. Under this license, authors agree to make articles available to users, without permission or fees, for any lawful, non-commercial purpose. Users may read, copy, or re-use published content as long as the author and original place of publication are properly cited.
Exceptions to this license model is allowed for UKRI and research funded by organisations requiring that research be published open-access without embargo, under a CC-BY licence. As per the journals archiving policy, authors are permitted to self-archive the author-accepted manuscript (AAM) in a repository.
Publishing Rights
Authors grant the Publisher the exclusive right to publish, display, reproduce and/or distribute the Work in print and electronic format and in any medium known or hereafter developed, including for commercial use. The Author also agrees that the Publisher may retain in print or electronic format more than one copy of the Work for the purpose of preservation, security and back-up.