The management and clinical outcome of paracetamol poisoning in South African adults: A single-centre retrospective review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2024.v114i12.1986Keywords:
paracetamol poisoning, acute toxicity, acetylcysteine, hepatotoxicityAbstract
Background. Paracetamol is a commonly prescribed drug, and often implicated in pharmaceutical overdoses. Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity is a common cause of acute liver failure in many high-income countries, but little is known about the factors associated with severity of liver injury and poor clinical outcomes among those treated in sub-Saharan African settings.
Objective. To describe the characteristics of patients presenting with paracetamol poisoning, and to identify factors associated with severity of liver injury and poor outcomes in adults with biochemical evidence of paracetamol-induced liver damage treated at a South African (SA) tertiary hospital.
Methods. A retrospective medical record review was conducted of all adult patients (≥18 years old) admitted between August 2013 and August 2018 to a tertiary referral centre in Cape Town, SA, with paracetamol poisoning and biochemical evidence of liver impairment. Demographics, clinical and laboratory data were obtained. Management practices and clinical outcomes were assessed.
Results. The records of 91 patients were included in the analysis. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) age was 29 (23 - 39) years, and 63% were female. The majority of paracetamol poisonings followed an intentional overdose (91%). Acute single ingestions were the most common (81%) type of toxic ingestion, compared with staggered overdose and repeated supratherapeutic ingestion, and the median (IQR) number of tablets ingested was 22 (20 - 39). Two-thirds of patients developed mild liver injury and 12% developed acute kidney injury. The overall mortality rate was 12%. Mortality was lower in those who received intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC) before serum paracetamol concentrations were known compared with those who only received NAC after concentrations were known (8.8% v. 36%, p=0.03). A significant proportion of deaths occurred in those with accidental overdose compared with those with intentional overdosing (57% v. 7.2%; p=0.004). People living with HIV (p=0.04), a history of chronic alcoholism (p=0.04), chronic liver disease (p=0.01) and severity of acute kidney stage (p<0.001) were all associated with increased mortality.
Conclusion. A high case fatality rate was observed in the studied population. Early identification of at-risk individuals and prompt initiation of NAC can reduce poor outcomes. Larger multicentre studies are needed to identify independent predictors of paracetamol-induced hepatoxicity and mortality in Africa.
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