The South African guidelines on enuresis: 2024 update

Authors

  • S Maharaj Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • G H H Smith Urology Unit, Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Australia
  • A Deshpande Urology Unit, Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia ; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia
  • F Alyami King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal Univeristy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • C A Zietsman Discipline of Urology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  • I van Heerden Pretoria Urology Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
  • A van der Merwe Department of Urology, Tygerberg Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  • M B Radzuma Department of Urology, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
  • K L Petersen Division of Paediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • S B A Mutambirwa Department of Urology, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital and Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
  • E M Moshokoa Mediclinic Midstream Hospital, Midstream, South Africa
  • K M Mathabe Department of Urology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, South Africa
  • A Adam Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Urology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • H N Lourens Pretoria Urology Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
  • SS Leahy Division of Paediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • J Lazarus Division of Urology, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s and Groote Schuur hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
  • N Lala Division of Paediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • J John Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Frere Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
  • E Gottlich Paediatric Nephrology, Mediclinic Morningside, South Africa
  • J Fredericks Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child (Coronation) Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • M Fockema Pelvic and Urotherapy Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • T de Maayer Paediatric Gastroenterology, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child (Coronation) Hospital and Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
  • F Claassen Department of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
  • A Badenhorst Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2024.v114i10.3450

Keywords:

bedwetting, nocturnal enuresis, enuresis, treatment guidelines, South Africa, mobile phone applications (apps), expert review

Abstract

Background. Enuresis, also referred to as nocturnal enuresis, is characterised by discrete episodes of urinary incontinence during sleep in children aged ≥5 years in the absence of congenital or acquired neurological disorders. This guideline is an update of the 2017 version.

Recommendations. The guideline provides recommendations and suggestions for various therapeutic options for enuresis available in South Africa (SA). These options include behavioural modification, urotherapy, pharmaceutical therapy, alarm therapy, alternative therapies, neuromodulation, psychological support and biofeedback. Additionally, it explores the role of a voiding diary, additional investigations and mobile phone applications (apps) in treating enuresis. The document also outlines standardised definitions for clarity.

Conclusion. This is an updated guideline endorsed by relevant key opinion leaders in SA, with additional input from international experts in the field.

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Published

2024-10-28

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SAMJ Vol. 114 no. 11

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CME

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How to Cite

1.
Maharaj S, Smith GHH, Deshpande A, Alyami F, Zietsman CA, van Heerden I, et al. The South African guidelines on enuresis: 2024 update. S Afr Med J [Internet]. 2024 Oct. 28 [cited 2025 Oct. 12];114(11):e2790. Available from: https://samajournals.co.za/index.php/samj/article/view/3450

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